2025 Blog 3 – Hormones and Aging with a Pituitary Disorder
In the latest edition of the 2025 WAPO Blogs and Vlogs series, we had the pleasure of interviewing Dr. Sandra Aleksic, an assistant professor of medicine in the divisions of endocrinology and geriatrics at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx, New York. In this interview, she explains how hormones change as we age, what aging means for people with pituitary disorders and what you can do to increase your longevity and quality of life.
This article provides a summary of the Vlog interview that you can find in English and Spanish on the WAPO website’s Library and YouTube channel.
How do hormone levels naturally change with aging?
Dr. Aleksic explained how hormone levels naturally shift as we age. In women, there is an abrupt drop in sex hormones around the age of 50. This marks the onset of menopause, when ovarian function declines, ovulation ceases, and menstruation stops altogether. At the same time, men tend to experience some decline in testosterone levels, but the drop is more gradual and is often tied to the man’s overall health. Interestingly, Dr. Aleksic noted that healthy men who live longer often maintain higher testosterone levels than their less healthy peers.
Another major hormonal shift involves growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). GH is necessary for growth and development and secretion peaks during childhood and adolescence, but starts to decline in our early twenties. While this reduction is a natural part of aging, it is one of the more dramatic decreases seen across our hormone systems and can be detected by measuring GH or IGF-1 levels.
There are also subtle changes in thyroid function as a person ages. It appears that older adults develop a state of slight hypothyroidism or reduced thyroid function, and some evidence suggests it may actually be a protective adaptation in aging. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels tend to increase in older adults, and the body also becomes more sensitive to this hormone over time.
Lastly, Dr. Aleksic highlighted changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and specifically in the production of cortisol. While the total amount of cortisol does not decrease, there is a change in the circadian rhythm of cortisol production, meaning the normal daily cycle of how and when cortisol is released. In younger adults, cortisol levels are high in the morning and drop at night. In older adults, that nightly drop is less pronounced, and the entire cycle shifts earlier in the day.
Overall, hormonal changes with age are complex: some may contribute to the functional declines we associate with aging, while others could actually offer protective benefits.
Can you talk about hormone replacement therapy in older adults with pituitary disorders? Do treatment plans need to be adjusted as a patient ages?
Dr. Aleksic highlighted that naturally occurring changes in hormone levels with age influence how doctors approach treatment for older adults with pituitary hormone deficiencies (hypopituitarism).
In terms of presentation, older adults often have milder, less specific symptoms, which can lead to a delay in making the diagnosis of hypopituitarism. Common complaints like low energy, fatigue, changes in body fat distribution and loss of libido may be attributed to normal aging. Some of the hallmark signs seen in younger people, such as abnormal menstrual cycles in women, may no longer be present.Doctors must consider age-adjusted hormone levels, co-existing health conditions, and the effects of multiple medications, which can all contribute to making the diagnosis more challenging in older individuals.
When it comes to replacing hormones in older adults with hypopituitarism, both the natural hormone changes with age and any medications taken (which can affect how quickly these hormones are eliminated from the body and their effect) must be considered. Here are Dr. Aleksic’s recommendations:
- Glucocorticoids (for Adrenal Insufficiency): While there are no clear guidelines, expert opinion is to use lower doses, as hydrocortisone is cleared more slowly in older adults. Doctors should aim to administer the lowest possible dose of glucocorticoids needed to maintain energy levels while minimizing the risk of comorbidities, such as high blood pressure or elevated blood sugar.
- Thyroid Hormone: Replacement therapy is started with a lower dose and gradually increased. Older adults generally need less thyroid hormone because their bodies clear it more slowly than young adults. Over-replacement can increase the risk of osteoporosis, heart arrhythmias and heart failure, so target thyroid hormone levels in older adults are typically set lower than those for younger people.
- Growth Hormone: There is no clear one-size-fits-all guidance for continuing GH replacement in older adults. While GH naturally declines with age, some experts still recommend GH replacement for adults under 80 without any contraindications (e.g. active cancer). If given, it should be at a lower dose with careful monitoring of potential side effects such as increased blood pressure, elevated blood sugar, edema (swelling) and carpal tunnel syndrome.
- Sex Hormones (Women): Estrogen replacement is typically continued in women with hypopituitarism until the average age of menopause (around 50–51). After this point, treatment is usually tapered off, unless needed to manage symptoms like hot flashes.
- Testosterone (Men): Testosterone replacement can generally be continued in older men throughout life, although at lower doses and with age-appropriate hormone targets.
- Arginine vasopressin (AVP): Older adults tend to be more sensitive to AVP (or its synthetic analogue, desmopressin). The smallest dose necessary to avoid water retention or sodium imbalance is recommended. Treatment goals should also be realistic. While younger people do not usually wake up multiple times at night to urinate (unless they have AVP- deficiency), older adults may naturally wake up at night to urinate due to aging of the genitourinary system.
Across all hormone therapies, the general rule for older adults is to use the lowest effective dose and carefully monitor for any side effects. She reminded patients that hormonal regimens may have to be adjusted as you age. If your endocrinologist suggests lowering your dose of hormone replacement therapy, this is something to consider, as our needs for hormones do change as we age.
Is there any new research looking at hormones and aging that you would like to share with the pituitary community?
Dr. Aleksic shared findings from two very interesting studies.
The TRAVERSE study looked at the cardiovascular safety of testosterone replacement in older men with hypogonadism and a high cardiovascular risk. Participants received either transdermal testosterone gel or a placebo, and were followed over several years to track cardiovascular outcomes.
Key findings:
- Testosterone replacement using transdermal gel did not raise the risk of cardiovascular events in this high-risk group of people, which is reassuring. The risk of several known complications of testosterone replacement therapy, such as elevated hemoglobin/hematocrit and prostate enlargement, were mitigated by careful dosing titration which maintained the average testosterone levels in the lower half of the reference range. However, it is unclear whether the same results would apply to other forms of testosterone replacement, such as injections, or higher doses of testosterone.
- There was an increased risk of blood clots, and the study also flagged newer concerns like acute kidney injury and atrial fibrillation, which need further investigation.
Although this study did not include patients with pituitary disorders, she concluded that testosterone replacement in older men with hypopituitarism can be considered, however transdermal application and lower doses (well below the mid-range of normal for young men) are recommended.
This observational study, published in 2023, used data from the European Registry on Cushing’s Syndrome (ERCUSYN) to explore how the disease presents and is managed in adults aged 65 and older.
Key findings:
- About 10% of the 1800 people in the registry were over the age of 65, and 70% of them had pituitary-dependent Cushing’s syndrome (i.e. Cushing’s disease).
- In older adults, the sex distribution was nearly 50/50 (whereas it is predominantly female in younger groups). They were less likely to be overweight, more likely to report muscle weakness and skin symptoms that are associated with aging (rather than stretch marks seen in younger people), and less likely to mention depression or low libido.
- Pituitary tumors were larger in older adults, for reasons that remain unclear.
- Younger adults were more likely to undergo pituitary surgery as a first-line treatment. In older adults, medical therapy or radiotherapy was more common, likely due to increased surgical risks and comorbidities.
- Even when transsphenoidal surgery was successful, remission rates were slightly lower in older adults (about 50%) compared to younger patients (60–70%).
What health risks should older patients with pituitary disorders be mindful of and how can they manage symptoms that overlap with normal aging?
Dr. Aleksic shared that many pituitary disorders appear to accelerate age-related health issues, meaning that patients may experience conditions like cardiovascular disease, cancer, functional decline, muscle loss, and frailty earlier or more severely than others their age. The type of pituitary disorder can influence how these issues present in older adults.
In Cushing’s syndrome, for example, older adults present with more age-related symptoms such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or skin thinning. This differs from the typical features seen in younger patients. Loss of muscle mass, a concern in both aging and Cushing’s syndrome, appears even more pronounced in older adults with the condition. Treatment must not only control the underlying disease but also actively manage associated risks. Risks of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis can be lowered through exercise, a healthy diet and medications. Bone-protective therapies (aimed at preventing fractures) like vitamin D, calcium, and anti-resorptive drugs should be provided as needed.
In acromegaly, older adults tend to experience more diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, and heart enlargement, compared to younger patients. While joint pain is common, data is lacking on whether there is a higher prevalence of osteoarthritis in older patients. Vertebral fractures, especially among postmenopausal women, are also observed, though it is unclear whether they are more frequent than in younger patients with acromegaly. There is some evidence suggesting higher rates of frailty and cognitive decline in older adults with acromegaly compared to their peers, but more research is needed.
What are the most important lifestyle changes that can help patients increase their longevity and quality of life as they age?
Dr. Aleksic emphasized that a larger number of older adults are now living with pituitary disorders. This is partly due to better treatment options leading to longer survival, and partly because of improved imaging techniques (like brain MRIs) that uncover incidental pituitary tumors.
Dr. Aleksic explained that when pituitary conditions are well-managed, older adults can focus on the same proven strategies for healthy aging as the general population. These include:
- Optimizing physical function
As we age, we tend to lose muscle mass and become more sedentary, which is detrimental to health. This can be even more pronounced in people with pituitary conditions like Cushing’s syndrome, where excess cortisol further accelerates muscle loss. Dr. Aleksic recommends a multifaceted exercise routine that includes aerobic, resistance, balance and flexibility exercises. This combination has been shown to extend life and improve overall health, and even small steps can make a meaningful difference.
- Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease
Dr. Aleksic pointed out that cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in older adults, including those with pituitary disorders. It is therefore important to be proactive in managing this risk through:
- Eating a healthy diet
- Maintaining a healthy body weight
- Taking medications as prescribed to lower cholesterol and manage blood pressure
- Monitoring blood sugar, in those with diabetes
- Not forgetting about our emotional and brain health
Dr. Aleksic reminded us not to overlook emotional well-being and brain health. Strategies that are essential for both include:
- Stress management
- Maintenance of strong social connections
- Getting enough quality sleep
She concluded by saying that in addition to treating the hormonal imbalances associated with pituitary disease, a holistic, age-sensitive approach is essential. It should focus on multiple prongs including exercise, diet, medications (to reduce risk factors), and emotional health.
We would like to thank Dr. Sandra Aleksic for taking the time to share her insights on this important topic. We hope that by following these recommendations, everyone can live longer, happier and healthier lives.
Additional resources:
Lincoff AM, Bhasin S, Flevaris P, Mitchell LM, Basaria S, Boden WE, Cunningham GR, Granger CB, Khera M, Thompson IM Jr, Wang Q, Wolski K, Davey D, Kalahasti V, Khan N, Miller MG, Snabes MC, Chan A, Dubcenco E, Li X, Yi T, Huang B, Pencina KM, Travison TG, Nissen SE; TRAVERSE Study Investigators. Cardiovascular Safety of Testosterone-Replacement Therapy. N Engl J Med. 2023 Jul 13;389(2):107-117. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2215025. Epub 2023 Jun 16. PMID: 37326322.
Amodru V, Ferriere A, Tabarin A, Castinetti F, Tsagarakis S, Toth M, Feelders RA, Webb SM, Reincke M, Netea-Maier R, Kastelan D, Elenkova A, Maiter D, Ragnarsson O, Santos A, Valassi E; and for the ERCUSYN Study Group. Cushing’s syndrome in the elderly: data from the European Registry on Cushing’s syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2023 Apr 5;188(4):395-406. doi: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad008. PMID: 36749009.
Aleksic S, Bartke A, Milman S. “Endocrine Function in Aging”. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 15th edition, edited by Melmed S, Elsevier, Aug 2024.
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Ambrosio MR, Gagliardi I, Chiloiro S, Ferreira AG, Bondanelli M, Giampietro A, Bianchi A, Marinis L, Fleseriu M, Zatelli MC. Acromegaly in the elderly patients. Endocrine. 2020 Apr;68(1):16-31. doi: 10.1007/s12020-020-02206-7. Epub 2020 Feb 14. PMID: 32060689.
Gagliardi I, Chiloiro S, Vallillo M, Bondanelli M, Volpato S, Giampietro A, Bianchi A, De Marinis L, Zatelli MC, Ambrosio MR. Multidimensional geriatric evaluation in acromegaly: a comparative cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr. 2021 Oct 26;21(1):598. doi: 10.1186/s12877-021-02549-4. PMID: 34702173; PMCID: PMC8547074.